Importance of Colloidal Dispersion in Pharmacy

Significance of colloidal scattering in drug store Pharmaceutical Applications of colloids: Colloids are widely utilized for adjusting the properties of pharmaceutical operators. The most well-known property that is influenced is the solvency of a medication . Be that as it may, colloidal types of numerous medications shows generously various properties when contrasted and customary types of these medications. Certain medicinals have been found to have uncommon or expanded remedial properties when planned in the colloidal state.Another significant pharmaceutical use of colloid is their utilization as medication conveyance framework. The frequently utilized colloid type sedate conveyance frameworks incorporate hydrogels, microspheres, microemulsions, liposomes, micelles, nanoparticles and nanocrystals. Here we notice the primary qualities of each colloidal conveyance framework. Hydrogels: Hydrogel is a colloidal gel wherein water is the scattering medium. It (likewise called aquagel) is a system of polymer chains that are hydrophilic, at times found as a colloidal gel in which water is the scattering medium.Hydrogels are profoundly permeable (they can contain over 99% water) characteristic or engineered polymers. Hydrogels likewise have a level of adaptability fundamentally the same as normal tissue, because of their critical water content. These hydrogels can detect changes of pH, temperature, or the convergence of metabolite and discharge their heap as aftereffect of such a change Natural and manufactured hydrogels are utilized for twisted recuperating, as platforms in tissue building, and as supported discharge conveyance systems.When utilized as frameworks for tissue designing, hydrogels may contain human cells to animate tissue fix, since they are stacked with pharmaceutical fixings, hydrogels give a continued medication discharge. Light-delicate, pressure-responsive, and electro-touchy hydrogels additionally can possibly be utilized in sedate conveyance. N aturally delicate hydrogels incorporate moderate reaction time, restricted biocompatibility, and biodegradability. Hydrogel utilized as continued discharge tranquilize conveyance frameworks. it give retention, desloughing and debriding limits of necrotics and fibrotic tissue. ydrogels that are receptive to explicit atoms, for example, glucose or antigens can be utilized as biosensors, just as in DDS. Likewise utilized in expendable diapers where they â€Å"capture† pee, or in sterile napkins, contact focal points (silicone hydrogels, polyacrylamides). Clinical cathodes utilizing hydrogels made out of cross-connected polymers (polyethylene oxide, polyAMPS and polyvinylpyrrolidone). hydrogel utilized as water gel explosives, rectal medication conveyance and analysis. Other, less normal uses incorporate, bosom inserts, granules for holding soil dampness in parched regions, dressings for mending of consume or other difficult to-recuperate wounds.Wound gels are brilliant for assis ting with making or keep up a sodden domain, repositories in topical medication conveyance; especially ionic medications, conveyed by iontophoresis (see particle trade pitch), Common fixings are e. g. polyvinyl liquor, sodium polyacrylate, acrylate polymers and copolymers with a plenitude of hydrophilic gatherings. Normal hydrogel materials are being researched for tissue designing; these materials incorporate agarose, methylcellulose, hyaluronan, and other normally inferred polymers. In any case if the accomplishments of the past can be extrapolated into the future, all things considered, responsive hydrogels with a wide cluster of attractive properties will be expected. Microparticles: Microparticles are little stacked microspheres of common or manufactured polymers. Microparticles was at first evolved as transporters for antibodies and against malignancy drugs. All the more as of late, novel properties of Microparticles have been created to build the productivity of medication co nveyance and improve discharge profiles and medication targeting.Several examinations have concentrated on the advancement of strategies for diminishing the take-up of the nanoparticles by the cells of the reticuloendothelial framework and upgrade their take-up by the focused on cells. Practical surface coatings of non-biodegradable carboxylated polystyrene or biodegradable poly (D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres with poly(L-lysine)- g-poly (ethylene glycol) (PLL-g-PEG) were explored in endeavors to shield them from vague phagocytosis and to permit ligand-explicit connections by means of atomic recognisition.It was discovered that coatings of PLL-g-PEG-ligand conjugates accommodated the particular focusing of microspheres to human blood-determined macrophages and dendritic cells while lessening vague phagocytosis. Microparticles can likewise be utilized to encourage nontraditional courses of medication organization. It was discovered that Microparticles can be utilized to impro ve vaccination utilizing the mucosal course of organization of therapeutics. It was found in this examination that mucosal course of organization of therapeutics can translocate to tissues in the foundational compartment of the safe framework and incite immunological responses. Miniaturized scale and Nano-Emulsions:Microemulsions are superb applicants as potential medication conveyance frameworks on account of their improved medication solubilization, long time span of usability, and simplicity of arrangement and organization. Three unmistakable Microemulsions-oil outer, water outside, and center stage can be utilized for medicate conveyance, contingent on the sort of the burrowed and the site of activity. As opposed to Microparticles, which show unmistakable contrasts between the external shell and center, microemulsions are typically shaped with pretty much homogeneous particles. Microemulsions are use for controlled discharge and focused on conveyance of various pharmaceutics age nts.For example, microemulsions were utilized to convey oligonucleotides (little pieces of DNA) explicitly to ovarian disease cells. As opposed to microemulsions, Nanoemulsions comprise in exceptionally fine oil-in-water scatterings, having beads distance across littler than 100 nm. Contrasted with microemulsions, they are in a meta stable state, and their structure relies upon the historical backdrop of the framework. Nanoemulsions are delicate frameworks. The nanoemulsions can discover applications in healthy skin because of their great sensorial properties (fast entrance, blending surfaces) and their biophysical properties (particularly their hydrating power).Liposomes: Liposomes comprise of an external uni †or multilamellar layer and an internal fluid center. As a rule liposomes are shaped with characteristic or engineered phospholipids like those in cell plasma film, in light of this comparability, liposomes are effectively used by cells. Liposomes can be stacked by pharma ceutical or different fixings by two head ways: Lipophilic substances can be related with liposomal film, and hydrophilic substances can be broken down in the inward fluid center of liposomes.To decline take-up by the cells of the reticuloendothelial framework as well as upgrade their take-up by the focused on cells, the layer of liposomes can be changed by polymeric chains and additionally focusing on moieties or antibodies explicit to the focused on cells, since they are generally simple to get ready, biodegradable, and non-harmful, liposomes have discovered various applications as medication conveyance frameworks. Liposomes are of colloidal measurements and are specially taken up by the liver and spleen. Thus, guideline of colloids is additionally utilized in focused medication conveyance framework. Liposomes are utilized for medicate conveyance because of their novel properties.A liposome typifies a locale on fluid arrangement inside a hydrophobic film; broke up hydrophilic solu tes can't promptly go through the lipids. Hydrophobic synthetic concoctions can be broken down into the layer, and along these lines liposome can convey both hydrophobic particles and hydrophilic atoms. To convey the particles to locales of activity, the lipid bilayer can meld with different bilayers, for example, the phone layer, along these lines conveying the liposome substance. By making liposomes in an answer of DNA or medications (which would ordinarily be not able to diffuse through the film) they can be (unpredictably) conveyed past the lipid bilayer.There are three kinds of liposomes †MLV (multilamellar vesicles) SUV (Small Unilamellar Vesicles) and LUV (Large Unilamellar Vesicles). These are utilized to convey various kinds of medications. Liposomes are utilized as models for counterfeit cells. Liposomes can likewise be intended to convey drugs in different manners. Liposomes that contain low (or high) pH can be built with the end goal that broke down fluid medication s will be charged in arrangement (I. e. , the pH is outside the medication's pI go). As the pH normally kills inside the liposome (protons can go through certain layers), the medication will likewise be killed, permitting it to uninhibitedly go through a membrane.These liposomes work to convey sedate by dispersion instead of by direct cell combination. Another procedure for liposome medicate conveyance is to target endocytosis occasions. Liposomes can be made in a specific size range that makes them feasible focuses for normal macrophage phagocytosis. These liposomes might be processed while in the macrophage's phagosome, in this manner discharging its medication. Liposomes can likewise be improved with opsonins and ligands to enact endocytosis in other cell types. The utilization of liposomes for change or transfection of DNA into a host cell is known as lipofection.In expansion to quality and medication conveyance applications, liposomes can be utilized as bearers for the conveyan ce of colors to materials, pesticides to plants, catalysts and dietary enhancements to nourishments, and beautifiers to the skin. Another fascinating property of liposomes is their regular capacity to target malignancy. The endothelial mass of all solid human veins is typified by endothelial cells that are bound together by close intersections. These tight intersections stop any enormous particles in the blood from spilling out of the vessel.Tumour vessels don't contain a similar degree of seal among cells and are demonstratively flawed. This capacity is known as the Enhanced

Of Mice And Men Application Essays - English-language Films, Films

Of Mice And Men Application Outline John Steinbeck composed the book Of Mice and Men in 1937 during the Great Sadness. The book is about the lives of two men who venture out from employment to work chipping away at farms and ranches. These two fundamental characters are George Milton and Lennie Small. George is a short, slight man and Lennie is an enormous, gently impeded man. George pays special mind to Lennie and consequently George gets friendship and assurance from Lennie. Different characters in the book (all on a farm close to Soledad) are Candy, a swamper or jack of all trades, Crooks, a dark stable buck, Slim, the jerkline skinner, Curley, the manager's child, and Curley's new youthful spouse. Of Mice and Men begins with George and Lennie strolling from the bus station to the farm where they have a new position. On their way to the farm George educates Lennie on the proper behavior with their new chief so they try not to lose this employment, similar to they lost their past one. They choose to camp close to a pool of water. They talk about how they will go through the cash they win to purchase land and start their own homestead. They sit by the fire and discussion about this fantasy. George advises Lennie to return to this camp spot on the off chance that he gets into inconvenience as he did in the last town. They make their beds close to the fire and rest. The following morning George and Lennie walk the remainder of the route to the farm. They get subsided into the bunkhouse and warm up to Candy, who gave them their bed assignments. The manager's child, Curley, comes in searching for his spouse and pesters Lennie, despite the fact that George attempts to answer all Curley's questions. As indicated by Candy, Curley resembles a great deal of little folks. He despises enormous folks. He's alla time picking scraps with huge folks. Sort of like he's frantic at ?em since he ain't a major guy.(49) George and Lennie additionally meet Curley's significant other. She had full, rouged lips and wide-dispersed eyes, intensely made up. Her fingernails were red.(57) George and Lennie work that evening on the farm and Slim, the jerkline skinner who handles the draft animals at the farm, is dazzled with how solid Lennie is and how much grain he can buck contrasted with other men. Candy hears George and Lennie discussing the spot they will get and needs to go in with them. George consents to let him, since Candy has practically enough cash set aside. They all begin to accept they can truly acquire their fantasy. Curley enters the bunkhouse searching for his better half. He speculates she is with Slim and when he discovers she isn't, the men give Curley a terrible time about his significant other. Curley gets Lennie grinning, and thinks Lennie is chuckling at him. He assaults Lennie yet Lennie attempts to withdraw and just stands there and accepts it as Curley hits him. At last George shouts Get him, Lennie, (111) so Lennie gets Curley's hand and doesn't give up. When Lennie at long last relinquishes Curley's hand it is squashed. To spare Lennie, Slim compromises Curley what's more, he consents to tell everybody that he got his deliver a bit of apparatus to hide any hint of failure. Thin's canine had pups and Slim gives Lennie a pup that Lennie can't take off alone. Lennie is consistently out in the outbuilding petting his little dog and one time he goes into Crook's room, which is off the outbuilding. Hooligans is the old blackstable buck. Crooks discloses to Lennie nobody is permitted in his room, yet Lennie doesn't comprehend and comes in and converses with Crooks at any rate. Candy comes into the animal dwellingplace searching for Lennie and discovers Lennie with Crooks. Lennie and Candy talk about their arrangements and Crooks approaches on the off chance that he can work for them. Law breakers needs to partake in the fantasy as well. Afterward, when Lennie is playing in the animal dwellingplace with his little dog once more, the little dog nips at Lennie, so he slaps and murders it unintentionally. Lennie stresses that he will never get the chance to tend the hares, as George has been promising. He lays the little dog down and conceals him with feed yet then he needs to feel the delicate little dog once more, so he reveals it and starts to stroke it. Curley's better half comes in to the horse shelter and surprises Lennie. He rapidly conceals it once more, trusting that she won't notice the dead little dog, however it's as well

Physics Extended Essay Samples

Physics Extended Essay SamplesPhysics Extended Essay samples are required for all college-level physics and math classes. It is an essential part of a good college education and preparation for the real thing. The different topics, difficulty level, and overall duration of the tests range widely from college to college and by the time you have completed each one, you may find yourself wishing you had written the tests and completed your degree at the same time.However, getting into college physics or calculus requires not only good knowledge, but also the appropriate application of that knowledge. For this reason, it is extremely important that students have completed their advanced classes in order to pass their freshman physics and calculus exams. It is the students' duty to ensure that they take every opportunity available to improve their academic performance, and writing as well as assessment are two areas in which they can use creative thinking and creativity to achieve their g oals.That being said, you can find a wide range of Physics Extended Essay samples on the Internet. The subjects may vary, but all will require some type of learning, comprehension, and evaluation in order to be effective. The exam questions often incorporate concepts and skills that are not always taught in traditional class work.Chemistry is one of the most difficult subjects to master, but with writing samples, practice, and discussion questions, it is not impossible. For example, if you are assigned to write a sentence about something that happens in a petri dish, you may not know anything about petri dishes. You may simply wish to think of a way to classify it. Yet, if you are looking to write a sentence that covers something about what occurs in petri dishes, then you must first understand what happens in petri dishes and then you must organize that information and organize it in the form of a sentence.Writing exams are not standardized, and that is the way they should be. Howe ver, a test is no more useful to the student than is a blizzard. In fact, a blizzard is good enough for the average person because the weather has nothing to do with it. A test is a piece of work that only the student and the teacher can analyze and critique, so it is important to make sure that the student is paying attention and keeping them focused.Students must also remember that writing is a skill that can be learned and developed with practice. The better the student is at writing essays, the better the teacher will perceive him or her. One good example is, 'All of us at one time or another have to put in a lot of effort to accomplish our goals.However, the only way to improve is by working at it. And by putting in a lot of effort, we mean writing and speaking and still more writing. We need to continue to seek better ways to express ourselves and of course, the best method is to use the tools that we already have and apply them to solve our problems. Even our teachers are alw ays coming up with new ways to improve us.So now that you know how to write an extended essay, ask for help with Physics Extended Essay samples. Your professor, your fellow students, and even your parents or teachers may be able to provide the help you need.

Marketing Plan For Domino s Pizza - 951 Words

The main goal of markeî€ ng plan is to develop and establish a direcî€ on and detailed strategy of markeî€ ng eorts. Domino’s pizza is internaî€ onal well-known brand in fast food industry and it is among the largest pizza chain in United States of America, United Kingdom and other developing countries. Today there are over 8,700 Domino s Pizza stores in worldwide, employing over 145,000 team member and involving over 2,000 franchisees. Today, fast food industry is becoming more mature and compeî€ Ã®â‚¬ ve. Many other companies are try to involve in fast food industry Executive summary The main goal of marketing plan is to develop and establish a direction and detailed strategy of marketing efforts. Domino’s pizza is international well-known brand in fast food industry and it is among the largest pizza chain in United States of America, United Kingdom and other developing countries. Today there are over 8,700 Domino s Pizza stores in worldwide, employing over 145,000 team member and involving over 2,000 franchisees. Today, fast food industry is becoming more mature and competitive. Many other companies are try to involve in fast food industry. Globally Domino s Pizza delivers more than one million pizzas every day. It is essential to identify that the marketing purposes of Dominos offer greater customer fulfilment to help Domino’s Pizza achieve its future objectives. A brief history of Domino’s pizza is provided at the beginning of this plan along with an analysis of the fastShow MoreRelatedDominos Organization Goals : Dominos Essay1195 Wo rds   |  5 PagesQuestion 1. Dominos organisation goals: Dominos is committed to maintaining and developing the best food products in the quick service restaurant market. Dominos wants to be the world’s best quick service restaurant. In order to deliver this the company has made a numbers of commitments to food and safety. Lead the quick service restaurant market by a program of site development and profitable restaurant opening and by attracting new customer increasing sales through their program of expansion. Read MoreMarketing Management : Domino s Pizza Essay1747 Words   |  7 Pagesappointed to the marketing team of â€Å"DOMINO’S PIZZA† in New Zealand, a discussion document has been developed in order to cover the principles, broad concepts and processes of marketing management according to the behaviour of New Zealand retail market. Dominos provide many type of pizzas like veggi, chicken, ham and beef pizzas. They also provide deserts stuff as well like Chocà ³ cake and lava cakes. I’m now talking about veggie pizza. Dominos provide very good quality veggie pizza so they can coveredRead MoreSwot Analysis Of Dominos1418 Words   |  6 Pageswithin the pizza delivery market. Domino’s main brand competitors include, â€Å"Pizza Hut (a division of Yum! Brands), Papa John s International, and Little Caesars Pizza. It also competes with a large number of private label companies.† Domino’s sets it’s self apart by â€Å" generally competes on the basis of product quality, location, delivery time, service, price, and also competes on a broader scale with quick service and other international, national, regional and local restaurants.† (â€Å"Domino s PizzaRead MoreEnvironmental Scan1557 Words   |  7 Pagesstrategies and what measurement guidelines each company uses to verify their strategic effectiveness. Last, the assignment provides the effectiveness of these measurement guidelines. This paper contains the environmental practices of Domino Pizza, Inc. versus Pizza Hut, Inc. Stakeholders, customers, and members of an organization’s board of directors expect executive leaders to balance the strategic fit of a company to what the environment wants and what the corporation has to offer. The expectationRead MoreDominos: Pizza Delivery and Domino S Pizza5765 Words   |  24 PagesA PROJECT REPORT ON MARKETING OF DOMINO’S PIZZA Submitted in partial fulfillment for the degree of PGDM POST GRADUATE DIPLOMA IN MANAGEMENT (2009-2011) Submitted To: Mrs. Mukta Keskar Submitted By: Jyoti Mishra PGDM (HR) SINHGAD INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT VADGAON PUNE -411041 1 2 CERTIFICATE This is certifying that the project entitled â€Å"MARKETING† is a bonafide work done under the guidance of MRS. 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HAIDER ALI KUMAR SHANTANU ROLL NO. 22 1 MBA(E-BUSINESS) SEMESTER IV TABLE OF CONTENTS SL NO. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6 7. PARTICULARS ABOUT DOMINO’S PIZZA DOMINO’S IN INDIA MENU IN DOMINO’S COMPETITIVE STRENGTHS OF DOMINO’S BUSINESS STRATEGY OF DOMINO’S STORE OPERATIONS SUPPLY CHAIN OF DOMINO’S PAGE NO. 3 3 5 6 7 9 12 2 ABOUT DOMINO’S PIZZA Founded in 1960, Domino s Pizza is the recognized world leader in pizza delivery operatingRead MoreWimpy, Debonairs Pizza And Steers Essay1602 Words   |  7 PagesWimpy, Debonairs Pizza and Steers, three of Famous Brands Ltd most successful franchises. In this research task these three franchises will be analyzed and compared to determine the challenges faced by each franchise and discover which of the three franchises would be a better investment. A short summary of the franchises is given as well as a SWOT analysis, Porter`s Five Forces Analysis, and a Pestle Analysis to investigate the three franchise and determine their investment value. The state of

The Importance Of Happiness For Us Humans - 1926 Words

We humans need a lot to survive in this world but we also really want a lot in this world. We all want to enjoy the good times and forget the bad times and that is why we think that it’s really important to play instead of doing anything else. The phrase time goes by faster when you are doing something you love is basically explaining what this topic is about. You are drived every morning waking up to do some work but without some hobbies to cool you down, you can really just break. My goal for this paper is to provide you with evidence that happiness for us humans is a must. Humans wake up every day, some really happy, some really sad. The ones that wake up happy are probably looking forward for something that would make them happy, but even if you wake up sad, you will strive to look for something, even the tiniest bit of happiness you can find so being happy is always on everybody’s to-do list. Happiness isn’t a little thing at all, it’s just a powerful thing that last so little that it would make us think that it’s a little thing.†Most people were happier when their minds were not wondering.†(The Human Experiment 1:36-1:41).This quote shows why we need to put happiness on our to-do list. We are most happy when we are living in the present than in our minds. It’s in all of us, even the ones that denies and say they don’t need happiness. â€Å"What is good for, or valuable for, an individual has an objective status, whether or not it is perceived by, evaluated by, or desiredShow MoreRelatedScience Is The Mystery And Morality Of Human Existence968 Words   |  4 PagesScience has given us lot of great toys to make our everyday work easier and more efficient. But still, science could not provide us with a peace of mind. Scientific analysis has undermined the mystery and morality of human existence. On the other hand, art and religion inspires people. 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Tyranny And The Social Wellbeing Of Citizens - 1750 Words

During the 19th century, in the age after the French Revolution, the vast majority of political and philosophical thinkers concerned themselves at some point with the issue of tyranny in society. Such writers spanned from Alexis de Tocqueville, to John Stuart Mill, to Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. The interpretations and approaches taken to the subject of tyranny and how to protect against it, though, were as varied as the collection of authors who addressed it. From de Tocqueville’s stringent observations in Democracy in America, the concept of a purely political tyranny is delineated. In contrast, Mill’s essay On Liberty focuses on a particular strain of despotic oppression that threatens the social wellbeing of citizens. Yet another†¦show more content†¦In contrast, John Stuart Mill’s essay On Liberty focuses almost entirely on Mill’s idea of how forms of tyranny have evolved throughout history, and how the most pressing form is a new â€Å" tyranny of the majority† in which the force of the public opinion is used to silence individuals. Mill seeks to describe how in the past, â€Å"protection against the tyranny of political rulers† was necessary to ensure the liberty of individuals, but the problem now has evolved from tyrannical political leaders to an oppressive public that â€Å"may desire to oppress a part of their number† (Mill 7). Similar to Mill, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels make the subject of tyranny the focus of The Communist Manifesto; choosing to utilize the manifesto to dissect the tyrannical ways that the bourgeoisie operates in society. Written as an observation of the struggles of the working class stemming from the Industrial Revolution, The Communist Manifesto delineates how bourgeois society â€Å"has established new classes, new conditions of oppression, [and] new forms of struggle† for the working class proletariat (Marx Engels 3). As Marx and Engels were commissioned to draft the manifesto for the Communist League, it makes sense that the piece is intended to provoke the common citizen into recognizing their potential exploitation. Additionally, the actual definition that each authorShow MoreRelatedThe United States : Social Class, Race, Ethnicity, And Health1416 Words   |  6 Pageshealth insurance premiums help curb poor health habits? In Health Disparities in the United States: Social Class, Race, Ethnicity, and Health - Edition 1 by Donald Barr, the author explores the questions, â€Å"What is health? How should we define it? How should we measure it?† Barr addresses the â€Å"danger of approaching health as a moral imperative† and references Faith Fitzgerald, who points out the â€Å"tyranny of health†, where those who are unhealthy in some way are deemed to have behaved poorly. The authorRead MoreThe United States : Social Class, Race, Ethnicity, And Health1447 Words   |  6 Pageshealth insurance premiums help curb poor health habits? In Health Disparities in the United States: Social Class, Race, Ethnicity, and Health - Edition 1 by Donald Barr, the author explores the questions, â€Å"What is health? How should we define it? How should we measure it?† Barr addresses the â€Å"danger of approaching health as a moral imperative† and references Faith Fitzgerald, who points out the â€Å"tyranny of health†, where those who are unhealthy in some way are deemed to have behaved poorly. 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Narrative/Patient Journey free essay sample

People who hear voices faced problems socially, psychologically and biologically. It is important to notice that people can also recover from this situation. (Sage, 2006) Characteristic of voices As we are all unique, hearing voices can be equally individual; some voice can be positive providing support and encouragement someone needs to get through the day. Other voices can be confusing, perhaps echoing thoughts or repeating strange phrases, some voice can be very frightening, saying things that are critical, threatening or commanding. Voices can claim to have great power and knowledge, which can sometimes leave the voice hearer feeling scared and powerless as the voice are often diminishing the voice hearer and may comment on the person in the third person, or make other remarks for example â€Å"she is turned the tape on, stupid isn’t she? † or voices can argue each other. In all cases these voices are perceived as being distinct from the individual’s own thoughts. We will write a custom essay sample on Narrative/Patient Journey or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page (Graham, 2008) Some people hear voices talking when no one is around. These could be like the voices of people they know, or complete strangers. They might hear many voices, or just one. Voices can shout, whisper, clear or indistinct. They can speak in sentences or say single words. This voice can be male, female, genderless, old or young. Sometimes they have names, but not always. People can hear other type of sounds too, including knocking, rustling, crying, screaming or music. (England, 2006a) Causes of hearing voices There are many different theories and ideas to explain why people hear voices, these include; bipolar disorder, severe mania, hallucinogenic drugs, trauma or adverse life experiences, dissociation, physical health problems, a special gift or sensitivity, neurologic diseases, sudden withdrawal from alcohol, barbiturate and also in extreme tiredness or recent loss of a loved one, hallucination experienced by children with a high temperature, illicit drugs such as amphetamines, cocaine, LSD or ecstasy. It is important to highlight that hearing voices is also a well-known symptom of schizophrenia. (England, 2006b) Other factors Biological theory, for example explains hallucination in terms of genetic vulnerability, endocrine abnormalities, toxic metabolic stressors or pharmacological agents. The psychological and social aspects of hearing voices people might face are sometimes distressing to the person and can cause social withdrawal and isolation. (Schultz et al 2009) Is there any available help? The response to such symptoms as many authors agreed includes medication and cognitive behavioural technique; neuroleptics are known to control symptoms considerably. However the nature of improvement varies, and a big number of those treated continue to experience symptoms. Although many people consider the use of medication as helpful, also other alternatives that help are valued. (Coffey et al 2004) REFERENCES Sage, J. (2006) schizophrenia: the biggy in mental health